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Con 3,8 milioni di chilometri quadrati di superficie, quanto l'Europa occidentale, il Tibet occupa un terzo della Repubblica popolare ma i suoi sei milioni di abitanti sono appena lo 0,5 per cento dei cinesi.

Questa immensa regione di montagne e altipiani ha sempre attirato gli appetiti dei vicini per la sua posizione strategica (fra Cina e India), perché controlla riserve d'acqua vitali per tutto il continente (lo Yangze, il Fiume Giallo, il Mekong, l'Indu, il Brahmaputra nascono qui), e giacimenti di minerali preziosi dall'oro all'uranio. Le mire coloniali della Cina sul Tibet sono una costante nella storia, che non varia con i regimi politici: l'indipendenza di Lhasa non viene accettata neanche dalla Cina repubblicana che dopo il 1911 succede brevemente alle dinastie imperiali. Il 13mo Dalai Lama, predecessore dell'attuale, nel 1931 lancia un ammonimento: "Dobbiamo essere pronti a difenderci altrimenti le nostre tradizioni spirituali e culturali saranno sradicate. Perfino i nomi dei Dalai e Panchen Lama saranno cancellati. I monasteri verranno saccheggiati e distrutti, monaci e monache uccisi o scacciati, diventeremo schiavi dei nostri conquistatori, ridotti a vagabondare senza speranza come mendicanti". Appena un anno dopo la rivoluzione comunista, Mao Zedong si affretta ad avverare quella profezia. Già il 1º gennaio 1950 Radio Pechino annuncia per il Tibet l'imminente "liberazione dal giogo dell'imperialismo britannico" (la limitata influenza britannica in realtà era finita con la seconda guerra mondiale e l'indipendenza dell'India). Manipolati dagli emissari di Mao, il Dalai e il Panchen Lama, allora adolescenti, accettano di firmare messaggi in cui chiedono l'intervento della Cina. Il 7 ottobre di 55 anni fa quarantamila soldati dell'Esercito di liberazione popolare attraversano il corso superiore dello Yangtze e dilagano in tutto il Tibet occidentale uccidendo ottomila dei suoi soldati.

L'Europa tratta l'invasione come una questione interna cinese, l'America già impegnata a difendere la Corea non osa sfidare Mao, negli annali delle Nazioni Unite a quella data l'unico Paese che solleva la questione è il Salvador. Inizialmente le truppe d'occupazione seguono istruzioni astute per accattivarsi la popolazione locale: non si abbandonano a saccheggi e violenze, corteggiano il consenso della nobiltà e del clero buddista. Nel 1954 il Dalai e il Panchen Lama invitati a Pechino da Mao vengono sedotti dal leader comunista, che solo alla fine del loro soggiorno getta la maschera accusando il buddismo di essere un "veleno". Tornati in patria i due giovani leader religiosi scoprono che lontano da Lhasa, nelle provincie di Amdo e Kham, le milizie comuniste hanno già cominciato a svuotare i monasteri. Repressione e arresti di massa scatenano nel 1955 le prime fiammate di insurrezione armata, a cui partecipano i monaci buddisti. A quel punto l'America ha combattuto direttamente contro i cinesi in Corea, e la Cia viene incaricata di addestrare la resistenza tibetana (l'aiuto verrà interrotto da Richard Nixon e Henry Kissinger nel 1971 dopo il disgelo con Mao). Nel 1956 Pechino scatena una delle sue offensive più sanguinose, con 150.000 soldati e bombardamenti a tappeto. Nel 1959, quando il Dalai Lama in pericolo di vita fugge in esilio in India, la repressione cinese ha fatto 65.000 vittime, altri 70.000 tibetani sono deportati nei campi di lavoro (laogai) e 80.000 hanno attraversato il confine indiano o nepalese per finire negli accampamenti di profughi. Il peggio deve ancora venire. Proprio nel 1965, quando il Tibet viene annesso definitivamente come "regione autonoma", diventa uno degli esperimenti estremi della Rivoluzione culturale. Il fanatismo radicale delle Guardie rosse aizzate da Mao devasta uno dei più ricchi patrimoni artistici e archeologici dell'umanità. Molto prima dei talebani in Afghanistan o di Pol Pot in Cambogia, i comunisti cinesi decidono di annientare tutto ciò che ricorda la religione: castelli e statue, dipinti e libri antichi vengono distrutti. Su seimila templi e monasteri censiti prima del 1959 non ne resta intatto neanche uno nel 1976, dopo dieci anni di Rivoluzione culturale. Stremati anche dalle carestie, i tibetani non perdono però la volontà di resistenza. Basta un allentamento del controllo, quando nel 1980 il riformista Hu Yaobang diventa il numero uno in Cina, e le insurrezioni tornano a moltiplicarsi negli anni 80. Finché Pechino manda a commissariare il Tibet un giovane burocrate in ascesa, Hu Jintao: l'attuale presidente della Cina. L'8 marzo 1989 Hu dichiara la legge marziale in Tibet e scatena un'altra repressione sanguinosa. È la prova generale del massacro di Piazza Tienanmen.

Dopo di allora la normalizzazione ha imboccato un'altra strada, quella della ricchezza capitalistica che affluisce insieme con la colonizzazione Han. Qualche segno di ammorbidimento c'è stato: il buddismo delle lamasterie viene tollerato, il pellegrinaggio a Lhasa è perfino diventato di moda tra i figli della nuova borghesia rampante di Pechino e Shanghai. Il Dalai Lama (premio Nobel per la pace nel 1989) ha da tempo abbandonato l'obiettivo dell'indipendenza, si accontenterebbe di un'autonomia che preservi la cultura del suo popolo. La Cina continua a rifiutare di riconoscerlo.

(1 settembre 2005)
24 agosto

Ricordate l'Olandese autostoppista? Ci siamo scritti...

Tashi dele from the roof of the world! Tibet is an amazing country. The scenery is absolutly stunning: wide plains with rolling and sweeping hills in all kinds of colours. One time I had a ride over a vast plain, passing groups of yaks and wild asses. On the left some hills and on the right, dwarfed by the distance, the many peaks of the Nepal himalayas stretching out for maybe 100 to 150 km, an awesome sight. Not only the land is beautiful: up in the sky amazing clouds are formed which take on many colours at sunset.

I came into Tibet via Xinjiang province, another "autonomous" region of the Chinese Imperialistic State. I stayed quite some time in Kashgar, recovering from dysentery which I got in Pakistan. Dysentery is a great way of losing weight. I think I lost around 7 kilo in about 1,5 week. In Kashgar I went to the hospital, gladfully there was a retired man, who so bored out of his mind visits the hospital every day, who spoke some English, nobody else did. They gave me drips and medicine, but I think I got some other form of diarrhea as well because the symptoms didn't change much. From Kashgar I went to Kargilik, where in order to get into Tibet illegaly I had to hide for 2 days from the police. This sounds more exciting then it really is. (I went through all my Simpsons episodes on my mediaplayer in these 2 days. A personal record!)

The Xingjiang - Tibet highway is the highest "highway" in the world with several passes over 5000 meter. The high in highway has more to do with the altitude then with the state of the road, which is crap.
A good torture technic for people with a little bit of taste must be the continues playing of Chinese music. The traditional music sounds like the tape is funky (in case it's from cd you know it's the music), the rocksongs contain all the cliches imaginable including the ever crying guitar and the popsongs are so sweet it makes you a diabetic instantly. Then you have the Chinese techno which is to horrible to mention let alone listen to. And in Tibet I heard a crossover between traditional music and techno which was at least quite amusing. I even heard the Tibetan Tom Waits.
Anyway the busride Kargilik - Tibet took 49 hours (thank god the music wasn't played non stop). On the last day the bus first got stuck for a few hours. A bit later the the bus stopped suddenly, I looked out of the window and saw 2 tyres next to the bus. My first reaction was: "Who put these 2 tyres there?" (I hadn't slept much), next moment I realized what happened: the tyres had almost got off the axe so we where stuck for another few hours, nice! An army truck picked us up to get a flat tyre a bit later. We have diner and then some young suicidal/homicidal soldier drives us to the next town. The ride feels more like a 3 hour non stop rodeo ride but the view is amazing.

After having arrived in Ali I got to the PSB office to pay the fine for getting in Tibet illegaly. This after the advice of some people I met in Pakistan and went the same way before me. Because I want to do the Mount Kailash trek and they told me you need a permit from the PSB for that. In the PSB office the officer says that since 2 weeks they changed the rules and you don't need the permit anymore. But I do need to pay the 30 euro fine. AAUUWW!

One of the biggest crimes the Chinese commited in Tibet (apart from suppressing the Tibetans and killing a lot of them) is the construction of these ugly Chinese towns (what do they have with white bathroom tiles?). Ali is no exception so I'm happy to leave to do the Kailash kora. A kora is a budhist or Bonpo (with : on the first o) pilgrimage. Like all religions Tibetan Budhism is surrounded with superstition (isn't religion one big superstition?). The Tibetans believe it's good for their karma to walk around holy things (lakes, mountains, monasteries, whatever). The budhist do it clockwise, the bon followers (Bon is the pre-budhist shamanistic Tibetan religion from which Tibetan budhisme took a lot of rituals and believes) anti clockwise. Some do the kora 1 time, some do it 13 times and some 108 times. Some even do it prostrating themselves (no they don't sell their bodies on the way). Prostration means they lie down at full length with their arms stretched over their heads, then stand up, place their feet where their hands ended up and repeat the process. So the 50 km which the kora encompass will take up to 3 weeks this way. Well, if you have nothing to do anyway...
Being the most holy mountain of Asia (also to Indians who do the kora in Indian fashion: in a bus and on horseback) you would think the pilgrims thread it a bit different then the rest of their country. Unfortunatly empty instant noodle packages, plastic bottles and even wet cell batteries (what a morons) can be found lying everywhere. And it's not only uneducated people doing this like somebody told me, I see everybody littering. A very frustrating sight which I see in many countries I visited.
On one part of the kora people leave some clothing behind as symbole for starting a new life. I even saw some bra's left behind, that must have pleased the gods.

Since public transport, like showers and decent public toilets (the few there are can hardly be described as decent and are very "public"), is virtually non-existent in West Tibet I had to hitch hike my way out of there. I was very lucky to meet an Italian tour group which had a truck transporting all the matrasses, tents and food. Especially the matrasses came in very handy on the bumpy roads. After 3 days of doing little distance (approx. 200 km per day which actually is quite a lot having done other rides later) and sneaking through 2 police checkpoints (most people are not allowed to take foreigners in their vehicle, we could poison them with our decadent Western liberal mind or something) I could finally take a public bus (is cheaper then hitchhiking) to Shigatse, the second biggest town in Tibet and the site of the Tashilhunpo monastery, the traditional seat of the Panchen Lama (the second biggest man in Tibetan budhisme after the Dalai Lama). The current Panchen Lama is under house arrest somewhere in China since his 6th year (the Chinese are such sweethearts) and the Chinese appointed a more suitable kid (the son of some Communist Party members).
After having destroyed most of the monasteries during the Cultural Revolution the Chinese came to the insight that there is some money to be made out of them (I still don't understand how Communisme could have gotten root in China, I don't think I met more greedy and capitalist people then the Chinese). So monks are allowed to do their thing again and monaseries are getting build up again. In the case of the Tushilhunpo monastery it reaks like a spiritual sell out. If you want to take pictures inside you have to pay 75 yuan (7,5 euro) per hall and video even costs 1500 yuan. That pays them well, those handy cam idiots.

Leaving Shigatse proved to be more difficult then expected. While it was perfectly easy to get on the Lhatse - Shigatse bus, foreigners are not allowed to travel in the other way by bus (after a while you really start to like the authorities). So I tried to take the bus for 2 days and then finally decided to use my thumb again. After 3 hours I got a 1 hour drive in a landcruiser, after that I had to wait for 5 hours to travel the last 100 km in the very bumpy and hard back of a mini traktor which took 8,5 hours (so an average speed of a bit more then 10 km per hour). Arriving in Lhatse at 2 o'clock in the night, 2 hotels didn't want to take me in and another smelled of piss, the forth one was finally willing to take me in. The next day I walked past the checkpoint to hitchhike again (the mini traktor driver was going the same way but I didn't fancy going with him after the severe ride the day before in which I suffered some internal bleedings?). Unfortunatly this was not my lucky day and around 7 o'clock I gave up and went back to ugly Lhatse.
Next day I finally get picked up by a bus after waiting for 5 hours and starting to think about buying a bicycle to do the trip on a bike. Luckely I didn't: the road is totally shit. It had rained a lot and this has turned the already bad road in a total mudpool. Even landcruisers get stuck on some parts: 70 km in 7 to 8 hours, nice.

My goal is to go to Mount Qomolangma base camp a.k.a. Mount Everest base camp. This must be the most easy accesible basecamp in the world. If you want you can get there without walking. I decide to walk the last 8 km which, because of the altitude, are harder then I imagined. Unfortunatly Qomolangma decided not to show herself that particular day and I decide to get drunk (using the altitude as a way to get extra drunk) and that Mount Everest is a bit of a over exaggerated mountain (K2 is the "Killer mountain", Mount Everest the "Pussy Mountain").
Leaving Basecamp is also not easy, well the first part is: you use your ticket for the "Non-pollution" bus (on diesel) but after that its more difficult: only tourist landcruisers on the road and the locals know you have money and not much choice.

I do some more hitchhiking during which I perfect my stone throwing- and walkingstick-balancing-on-index-finger-techniques. The waiting times are incredible: one time 8 hours after which I decide to show some money and what do you think: the first car stops. But the rides are again worth all the suffering.
The walking stick I originally bought to do the Kailash kora. Later on I used it succesfully agains Tibetan dogs, annoying children and cheating Internetshop owners. (I won't go into detail about the latter, but I did hear later from a fellow traveller that he was charged the right price a few days after I "renegotiated" the price I paid before).
"A man's best friend", better call the Tibetan dogs "hellhounds" because that's what most of them are: big, vicious and utterly annoying creatures who sleep during the day and roam the streets at night fighting each other and keeping you from your sleep with their constantly barking. They especially get agressive towards tourist whom smell differently then the Tibetans (thank god for that: the Tibetans are not known for their high standards of personal hygiene; some even have a "yearly bathing ceremony").

Two short rides with 5 minutes waiting time each bring me to Sakya monastery. A very fine monastery with nice monks who give me some candy out of a human skull. The Tibetans also use human bones for music instruments. And funerals are done in the following fashion: the corps is brought upon a hill or mountain. Then some funeral attendents start chopping away at the body ("whacking and hacking" as Gary Falkner would say) and the vultures do the rest. A very ecofriendly though a bit nasty way of dealing with the dead.

After Sakya I finally went back to Shigatse where I am now. Having arrived here I couldn't help noticing the many little flags hanging everywhere in the street. But of course: it's the 40th anneversery of the TAR (Tibetan "Autonomous" Region). After being "liberated" of themselve in 1950 and in 1959 of that horrible man the Dalai Lama, 1965 saw the forming of the TAR. According to the Chinese "many happy Tibetans had problems fighting back tears of gratitude at becoming one with the grat motherland". If this all wasn't so sad you could problably laugh at the way the Chinese know how to formulate things. In what kind of reality live these people actually?
Anyway now every house in Shigatse sports the Chinese flag. If they don't the have to pay a fine. Sounds a bit like a forced "celebration" to me. If it already greatly annoyes me, how must the Tibetans then feel?
But Tibetans are high spirited people (and problably more used to all these Chinese nonsense).
Their apperance is much like that of the North American Indians. Not only the skin colour and facial _expressions of some but also their long braided hair and their jewellery (although the Tibetans prefer to wear Cowboy hats). Even their singing (which they do often while travelling or working) is simular to that of the Native Americans so I'm told by an American tourist. They were and many still are a nomadic people so it's not so strange to make the conclusion that they went over and exchanged the yak for the bison a long time ago.

I have to admit that this is kind of a long email. But there were many things to tell, some with a bitter undertone. Even though the local authorities try to do much to annoy the individual budget traveller (they want you to go on expensive landcruiser tours, well maybe I will do that when I'm old and senile) Tibet is one of my favorite countries. But next time I will come back with bicycle and tent.

Kurt

P.s. I found one positive aspect of the Chinese occupation: the availability of delicious Chinese food (so the Chinese are good for something after all)

 

Blog


01 settembre

La storia del TIBET: sofferenza di un popolo.

Nel 1965 la Cina proclamava la "regione autonoma"
uccidendo la nazione del Dalai Lama
L'agonia del Tibet "cinese"
modernità e monaci da cartolina

di FEDERICO RAMPINI (edito da Repubblica www.repubblica.it)

 
1950: la Cina occupa il Tibet

PECHINO - "Dopo 4 anni di costruzione su un terreno aspro, la linea ferroviaria Qinghai-Tibet è quasi ultimata", annuncia trionfalmente Pechino. Una delegazione del governo centrale è in visita a Lhasa per vantare i meriti delle opere con cui la Cina modernizza il Tibet, "salvandolo" dal suo passato d'"oppressione feudale e povertà". Oggi la leadership comunista celebra i 40 anni dalla trasformazione dello Xizang ("la Dimora del Tesoro occidentale", il nome cinese del Tibet) in regione autonoma.

In effetti il 1º settembre 1965 segna il definitivo passaggio sotto l'amministrazione della Repubblica popolare che soffocò i sogni di indipendenza. La ferrovia da Golmud a Lhasa riassume le contraddizioni della politica cinese. Lunga 1.142 chilometri, di cui 960 a un'altitudine superiore ai 4.000 metri su terreni eternamente ghiacciati, è un'ardita testimonianza delle capacità industriali della Cina. Per ammissione del Dalai Lama (il leader religioso in esilio) fa parte di uno sviluppo economico benefico per la popolazione locale. Ma la ferrovia è anche sotto accusa per l'offesa a un ecosistema naturale finora incontaminato.

Ed è il simbolo di quella "conquista del Wes"" con cui l'etnìa dominante dei cinesi Han schiaccia il Tibet sotto il peso demografico della sua immigrazione: i militari di stanza a Lhasa sono quasi tutti Han, come i dirigenti del partito comunista locale, e senza ironia il regime comunista si arroga il diritto di consacrare i "veri" lama reincarnati. Quanto si salverà dell'antica civiltà tibetana, è un interrogativo a cui le celebrazioni di oggi non danno una risposta rassicurante. Per festeggiare il 40mo anniversario della normalizzazione amministrativa Pechino ha elargito finanziamenti per il restauro del palazzo Potala, il più celebre monumento della capitale tibetana Lhasa. Ma un tempo quel palazzo era la dimora dei Dalai Lama che vi abitavano con una folla di religiosi. Oggi il Potala ridipinto di fresco è morto come un museo, ridotto a una curiosità per comitive di turisti. Per un fedele buddista l'offesa equivale a ciò che proverebbe un cattolico di fronte a San Pietro e il Vaticano trasformati in parco-divertimenti.